The Roles Of African Americans - 1630 Words

The Roles of Africans American in Developing Our Nation By: Marcus A. Shans HIS204: American History Since 1865 (GSN 1507B) Instructor: Andrew Cramer 16 March 2015 Reconstruction 1865 After the Civil War the country had to reconfigure and somehow integrate the southern states back into the union. African American got their freedom and set out to make lives for themselves and find a new identity. In During the reconstruction period many African Americans found themselves facilitating the reconstruction through political participation with Hiram Revels being the first African American to serve in Congress. Many others served as delegates to the constitutional organization. The Reconstruction Period it seem included everyone, but African American people and it do not seem to produce the things promised to them. While things did show signs of improvement for African Americans in many ways, it all just fell very short of the mark. There were some improvements that did not last most of them were in the political. During the Reconstruction, African Americans were elected to political offices in some of the Southern states. There were even some African Americans who were able to serve high government offices. Some of the more permanent changes were for one their freedom and with the fifteenth amendment African American men were able to vote now. During the Reconstruction Period African Americans set out on a bold path to stake their claim on this world and establishShow MoreRelatedGender Roles : African Americans2913 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract Over the last one hundred and thirty years African Americans have little by little-gained freedom for themselves as slaves and domestic servants. Now as a culture they are legally capable of obtaining jobs and positions in all areas of private and public organizations, (Hayes, A. F., Preacher, K. J., 2010). This particular ethnic group are known to be instrumental in holding their cultures together through times of constant struggle. They have used rallies, protests, silent marches andRead MoreThe Role of African-Americans in the Abolition of Slavery683 Words   |  3 PagesPresentation: The role of African-Americans in the abolition of slavery According to Ira Berlins essay The role of African-Americans in the abolition of slavery, despite the role of slavery in causing the American Civil War, Northerners and Southerners alike did not envision slaves having a viable role in fighting for their freedom. However, as the war progressed, it became increasingly clear that slaves could play a role in the conflict to help the Northern side. The Emancipation ProclamationRead More African Americans role of Television Essays2258 Words   |  10 PagesAfrican Americans role of Television The roles African Americans play on television are not satisfactory. 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These two groups wereRead MoreEssay on African American Athlete: Their Role in American Culture3741 Words   |  15 PagesSports played and continue to play a pivotal role in American history and culture. Baseball provided an escape from the stress and frustration of WWII, a beacon of light during hard times and later helped influence integration. Athletes became symbols of what being a true American meant and many sports enhanced American culture. One of the most prolific changes sports brought to our society was the beginning of racial equality on the field. It encouraged and aided the fledgling equal rights movementRead MoreThe Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesThe Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War An estimated 100,000 African Americans escaped, died or were killed during the American Revolution(Mount). Roughly 95% of African Americans in the United States were slaves, and because of their status, the use of them during the revolution was inevitable(Mount). This led many Americans, especially those from the North, to believe that the Souths economy would collapse without slavery due to the use of slaves on the front lines. However,Read MoreEssay The Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War697 Words   |  3 Pages The Role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War An estimated 100,000 African Americans escaped, died or were killed during the American Revolution(Mount). Roughly 95% of African Americans in the United States were slaves, and because of their status, the use of them during the revolution was inevitable(Mount). This led many Americans, especially those from the North, to believe that the Souths economy would collapse without slavery due to the use of slaves on the front lines. However, onlyRead MoreThe Significance of the Role of Malcolm X on African American Activists1634 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent was the role of Malcolm X significant in the rise of radical African American activism (1965-1968)? A. Plan of the Investigation To what extent was the role of Malcolm X significant in the rise of radical African American activism (1965-1968)? This investigation will assess the significance of Malcolm X’s significance in giving rise to African American activism. Malcolm X’s motives, involvement in the civil rights movement and his leadership will all be discussed in order toRead More The Role of Female African American Sculptors in the Harlem Renaissance1689 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Female African American Sculptors in the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance, a time of global appreciation for the black culture, was a door opening for African American women. Until then, African Americans, let alone African American women, were neither respected nor recognized in the artistic world. During this time of this New Negro Movement, women sculptors were able to connect their heritages with the present issues in America. There is an abundance of culture and historyRead MoreThe Civil War: Changing Roles of African Americans and Women2269 Words   |  10 PagesLopez, Robert Gillis-Smith, Beth English M01A The Civil War: Changing Roles Of African Americans And Women There were several events that lead to the American Civil War. The Northern states wanted African Americans to be free from slavery, while the Southern states wanted to continue owning them. The Northern states didn’t need slaves for their economy to thrive, as opposed to the Southern states, where their economy relied heavily on the slave’s free labor. Both sides also argued

Mental Health in Texas Prisons and Jails Free Essays

string(99) " mind blowing resemblance to what we see today; lack of treatment for those with mental illnesses\." Fall 2012 Mental Health in Texas prisons and jails October 13, 2012 University of Southern California A. Introduction: Issue, Policy, Problem: Texas has approximately 24. 3 million residents according to 2010 state statistics from the National Alliance on Mental Illness. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health in Texas Prisons and Jails or any similar topic only for you Order Now Close to 833,000 adults live with a serious mental illness. Within these 24. 3 million residents of Texas in 2008, approximately 37,700 adults with a mental illness were incarcerated (NAMI. org). Additionally, there is an estimated 31% of female and 14% of male jail inmates nationally live with serious mental illness. We see this because there are inadequate public mental health services to meet the needs of those suffering. Texas public mental health system provides services to only 21% of adults who live with a mental illness (NAMI. org). The objective of the 18th Edition Texas Laws for Mental Health are to provide a comprehensive range of services for persons with mental illness or mental retardation that need publicly supported care, treatment, or habilitation. In providing those services, efforts will be made to coordinate services and programs with services and programs provided by other governmental entities to minimize duplication and to share with other governmental entities in financing those services and programs (TDSHS. us). Regardless of the objective by the Texas Laws, prisoners are not, however, a powerful public constituency, and legislative and executive branch officials typically ignore their rights absent litigation or the threat of litigation (UNHCR. org). With this being said, there is great failure within this objective. Many, even thousands of prisoners become incarcerated without receiving the major mental health services they require. Gazing within, many prison mental health services are woefully deficient, crippled by understanding, insufficient facilities, and limited programs. State budget cuts handed down during the recent legislative session left the Texas Department of Criminal Justice with a dangerously-low $6. 1 billion biennial budget, approximately $97 million less than last year’s funding levels. As a result, the mental health care system suffered layoffs along with the rest of the prison health care services. In addition, although treatment and medications were left untouched, fewer medical workers are now left to treat mentally-ill inmates. Staffing cuts in turn increased the inmate-to-staff ratio from 58 to one upward to 65 inmates for every mental health care worker (Nix, 2011). The growing number of mentally ill persons who are incarcerated in the United States is an unintended consequence of two public policies adopted over the last thirty years. The elected officials have failed to provide adequate funding, support, and direction for the community mental health systems that were supposed to replace the mental health hospitals shut down as part of the â€Å"deinstitutionalization† effort that began in the 1960’s (UNHCR,org). Following the deinstitutionalization process came the â€Å"war on drugs† campaign. This was to have embraced a punitive, anti-crime effort. What we saw was a considerable proportion of the prisons and jails population sore, more than quadrupling in the last thirty years. B. History and Scope of Issue: Eighty-three years after the first American institution exclusively for the insane was opened in Williamsburg, Virginia, the first Texas facility for the mentally ill was established by the Sixth Legislature. Legislation signed by Governor Elisha M. Pease on August 28, 1856, called for the establishment of a state lunatic asylum (Creson). Fifty thousand dollars was appropriated for land and buildings. The State Lunatic Asylum (now Austin State Hospital) did not open until 1861, when Superintendent Dr. Beriah Graham admitted twelve patients. Before 1861, individuals with a mental illness or mental retardation were kept at home, sent out of state for treatment or custodial care, or confined in almshouses or jails. Dr. David Wallace was the first physician in the state to limit his practice to psychiatry. During his tenure as superintendent of the two institutions, Wallace successfully resisted political patronage in the asylums, advocated removal of the â€Å"harmless mentally retarded† from them, did away with restraint, introduced occupational and recreation activities as treatment modalities, and utilized furloughing as a prominent part of institutional procedure. Dr. David Wallace was a true advocate for the mentally ill, and fought for their right to be treated respectfully. Overcrowding became a major problem during the 1940s. Public pressure to reduce the lengthy waiting lists for admission to state hospitals and to remove mentally ill individuals from local jails increased occupancy in already overcrowded hospitals. In 1943, the legislature converted the Confederate Home for Men into a hospital for mentally ill male geriatric patients in order to provide beds in the larger hospitals. In 100 years, the state system for caring for the mentally ill grew to nine state hospitals scattered about the state. Their population had, however, begun to decline as a result of new treatment techniques and changing social ideas about the role of state psychiatric hospitals in caring for afflicted individuals (Creson). Over the years, as the population continued to grow, so did crime, drug use, and violence. Research indicates that 72% of both male and female jail detainees with severe mental disorders also meet criteria for substance use disorders of alcohol or drug abuse (Abram amp; Teplin, 1991). Within this negative growth, the punishment for the crimes also tightened. Soon we began to see an increase in arrest, and more offenders incarcerated. However, some of the increase was because those suffering with mental illnesses were the individuals committing the crimes. Subsequently, the mental institutions were closing, due to the changing social views of the way those suffering were treated, left those suffering with nowhere to go. As time moved forward, we can see a striking corresponding movement with the legislative funding for mental health care; it is spiraling downhill. Hence, the beginning of overcrowding in Texas prisons and jails. Sadly, those suffering from mental illness will not receive quality, fair treatment during incarceration. Providing mental health services to incarcerated offenders is frustrated by lack of resources (UNHCR. org). Reflecting back to the early 1800’s, there is a mind blowing resemblance to what we see today; lack of treatment for those with mental illnesses. You read "Mental Health in Texas Prisons and Jails" in category "Papers" C. Perspectives and Analysis of Policy: In Texas, legislators, mental health professionals, and advocates have recognized the need to reduce the prevalence of serious mental illness in jails and prisons by diverting minor offenders to community-based mental health services. In fact, House Bill 2292, passed in 2004, calls for the development of jail diversion strategies along with the implementation of Resiliency and Disease Management (RDM) by the Department of State Health Services (DSHS) for the treatment of severe mental illness (TDSHS). Steps should be taken at the federal, state, and local level to reduce the unnecessary and counterproductive incarceration of non- offenders with mental illness. Mandatory minimum sentencing laws should be revised to endure prison is reserved for the most serious of offenders. Reducing the number of mentally ill offenders sent to prison will also free up prison resources to ensure appropriate mental health treatment for those men and women with mental illness who must, in fact, be incarcerated for reasons of public safety (UNHCR). On any given day, between 2. 3 and 3. 9 percent of incarcerated offenders in State prisons are estimated to have schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, between 13. 1 and 18. 6 percent major depression, and between 2. 1 and 4. 3 percent bipolar disorder (manic episode). In 1999, NAMI (formerly known as the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill) reported that the number of Americans with serious mental illnesses in prison was three times greater than the number hospitalized with such illnesses (UNHCR). In the fiscal 1990 year, the average state hospital census was 3,475, and the number of clients served in community mental health-mental retardation centers was 125,277. The Harris County Psychiatric Center, a 240-bed hospital established in October 1986, jointly funded by the state and Harris County and under the direction of the University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, served an additional 195 individuals. After federal block grants given to states in 1980 provided more state control in distributing federal funds, Texas (like other states) placed a high priority on severely and chronically ill patients in community programs. This re-allocation of resources resulted in an exacerbation of conflicts caused by different local and state agendas, legislative concerns for cost effectiveness and advocacy groups’ agendas for expanded services, as well as professional territorial battles and an expanded definition of what constitutes mental illness. Lawsuits have further complicated the matter of organizing, implementing, and administering the state system while compelling needed reforms. Significant in this regard in Texas was RAJ v. Jones, filed in 1971. Major issues in the case included individualized treatment, patient rights, use of psychotropic medications, and adequate community aftercare services. Morales v. Turman, filed in 1971, resulted in increased quality and availability of mental-health services for juvenile offenders held by the Texas Youth Council. Ruiz v. Estelle did much the same for adults in state prisons and provided impetus for a new prison psychiatric hospital currently under construction in Sugar Land (THSA. org). D. Impact of Policy and Analysis: During 2003 New Freedom Commission on Mental Health found that the mental health delivery system is fragmented and in disarray- leading to unnecessary and costly disability, homelessness, school failure and incarceration. In many communities, access to quality care is poor, resulting in wasted resources and lost opportunities for recovery. The likely-hood of failure for community mental health services to meet the needs of those suffering with mental illness is pronounced. The Federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration have estimated that 72 percent of mentally ill individuals entering the jail system have a drug-abuse or alcohol problem. Deinstitutionalization resulted in the release of hundred s of thousands of mentally ill offenders to communities who could not care for them. At about the same time, national attitudes toward those who committed street crime-who are overwhelming the country’s poorest -changed remarkably (UNHCR. rg). Prisoners with mental illness find it more difficult to adhere to prison rules and to cope with the stresses of confinement, as evidenced by the new BJS statistics that 58 percent of state prisoners with mental problems have been charged with violating prison rules, compared to 43 percent without mental problems. An estimated 24 percent with a mental health problem have been charged with a physical or verbal assault on prison staff, compared to 14 percent of those without. One in five state prisoners with mental health problems has been injured in a fight in prison, compared to one in 10 of those without. Community health services, though good, are, due to lack of funding, inadequate to meet the needs of persons with mental illness. This results in those suffering to â€Å"fall between the cracks†, and into the world of criminal mishap. The lack of funding also affects the ability of law enforcement, courts and correction facilities to divert persons with mental illness away from the criminal justice system and into a more fitting arrangement. Many persons with mental illness, prison can be counter-therapeutic or even â€Å"toxic. † Nevertheless, we recognize the tragic irony that, for many, prison may also offer significant advantages over liberty. For some mentally ill offenders, prison is the first place they have a chance for treatment. For those who are poor and homeless, given the problems they face in accessing mental health services in the community, prison may offer an opportunity for consistent access to medication and mental health services. Realizing this opportunity depends, of course, on whether the prisons provide the necessary services. In 2008, 1,900 out of 11,000 inmates, or 17. 3 percent in the Harris County jail were on psychotropic medication. Spending on mental health care in the prison has risen to $24 million per year, and the combined cost of incarcerating and treating the mentally ill is $87 million annually. A county official noted: the jails have become the psychiatric hospitals of the United States. Class action lawsuits have led to improvements in prison mental health care in a number of states, including Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Texas, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. Lawsuits have led to consent decrees and court orders instituting reforms and the court appointment of masters and monitors to oversee compliance. Considering the needs of today’s mentally ill prisoners, the progress to date is far from enough. Viewed from the perspective of where prison mental health was two decades ago, the progress has been momentous. Both the state system and the private sector are in a period of major transition. The Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation was placed by House Bill 7 under the auspices of the Commission on Health and Human Services, a new umbrella agency established by the legislature in July 1991. How this new structuring of the administration of state mental health care will ultimately affect the delivery of mental health services remains to be seen (TSHA). E. Judgement: There are nine state mental hospitals in Texas with a total of 2,477 beds to reat civil and criminal patients. About a third of the beds are reserved for criminal commitments, and in 2006, the Department of State Health Services started a waiting list for the beds, because the demand exceeded availability. The shortage of state hospital beds is a problem that local law enforcement officials have been grappling with for years as sheriffs cope with overflowing jails, in which many of the inmates are mentally ill. Harris County officials have seen the number of mentally ill inmates explode since 2003, the last time Texas had a budget crisis and made major cuts. Then, there were fewer than three full-time psychiatrists on duty at the jail. Now, there are more than 15. Often they see the same mentally ill inmates repeatedly. State lawmakers are considering budget proposals that would reduce community-based health care services for adults and children and for community mental hospitals by about $152 million in 2012 and 2013. It is about a 20 percent reduction in financing from the previous two-year budget. For community mental hospitals, financing would fall about 3 percent, but the money would be split among five facilities instead of three (Grissom, 2011). Several problems associated with housing mentally ill persons in jails and prisons rather than hospitals: – The rate of recidivism. Since mentally ill inmates generally receive little care for their illness while in jail or prison, they return to jail or prison at a greater rate than the general prison population. – Mentally ill inmates cost more than other prisoners to house. The average Texas inmate costs the state approximately $22,000 per year. While an inmate with a mental illness costs the state approximately $30,000 to $50,000 per year. Other issues the study cites include the fact that mentally ill inmates commit suicide at a greater rate than the general prison population, and mentally ill inmates are easier targets for abuse by other prisoners and prison staff. Texas ranks 49th in the nation in per capita spending on mental health services. Only 25 percent of children and 18 percent of adults with severe mental illness and in need of services from the public m ental health system in Harris County are able to receive them. Now, Texas lawmakers are looking to cut funding to the already overburdened public mental health system by $134 million for 2012-13. A prime example of cost shifting has occurred within the Harris County Jail, now the largest mental health facility in Texas. The Harris County Jail treats more individuals with mental health issues on a daily basis than our state’s 10 psychiatric hospitals combined. This is especially worrisome given that the United States Department of Justice reports that it costs 60 percent more to incarcerate inmates with serious mental illnesses than it costs to house typical inmates. It is clear that imprisonment of the mentally ill will not help the situation at hand, only add to the severity of it. Incarceration of the mentally ill can be devastating and costly. While, those suffering from mental illness need help, confinement in federal, state, and local prisons is not the answer. Local leaders and government officials need to advocate for the mentally ill, and push for more funding to insure proper treatment is available to those in need. References Abram, K. M. , amp; Teplin, L. A. (1991). Co-occurring disorders among mentally ill jail detainees. American Psychologist, 46, 1036-1045. Dan L. Creson, â€Å"MENTAL HEALTH,† Handbook of Texas Online (http://www. shaonline. org/handbook/online/articles/smmun), accessed October 14, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. Janice C. May, â€Å"GOVERNMENT,† Handbook of Texas Online (http://www. tshaonline. org/handbook/online/articles/mzgfq), accessed October 14, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. Undefined. (May 15, 2012). Texas Department of State Health Services. In 18th Edit ion Texas Laws for Mental Health. Retrieved October 14, 2012, from http://www. dshs. state. tx. us/mhrules/Texas_Laws. shtm. How to cite Mental Health in Texas Prisons and Jails, Papers

Osteoporosis Intervention Program for the Elderly

Question: Discuss about theOsteoporosis Intervention Program for the Elderly. Answer: Introduction Osteoporosis is a big public health issue worldwide. It is a medical condition caused by degeneration of bones in the body, the bones are characterised by being slender and are prone to fractures. These fractures can lead to other problems like pain, changes in the body posture, (Pisani et al., 2016). The burden of cost of osteoporotic management is high considering the continuous rise in the population and increase in the life expectancy of the people, (Holryod et al., 2008). The disease affects the quality of life immensely and hinders the physical, mental status and the well being of the individuals, (Lips Schoolar, 2005). Clinical diagnosis is characterised by bone mineral density of 2.5 standard deviations, (Nguyan, 2016). Worldwide over 200 million are affected by osteoporosis. In Singapore and the larger Asia region, osteoporosis is a rising public health concern which its prevalence is rising daily. Population at risk in Singapore women before age 45 are at high risk while men and women above 65 are at risk of osteoporosis, however women are prone by 20% than men, (MOH, 2017). In Singapore the hip fracture ration incidence has increased 1.5 times in men than in women, a similar trend observed in various countries. Mortality rates associated with hip fracture is estimated to be between 20 %- 27 %. This high ratio has caused significant cost on health care cost of the average Singapore citizen, (MoH, 2017). High costs of osteoporosis is associated with hospital care in Singapore, thus better financial management skills for the elderly enables preventive and proactive measures, (Ng, Lau, Ko, 2017)) The objectives of the intervention are; To raise the awareness level of risks associated with osteoporosis among the elderly. To provide a nutrition intervention approach for managing and preventing osteoporosis To provide support for the osteoporotic patients in the community. Background Old age is a blessing and a curse in disguise. With old age there several physiological changes that happen to the body and needs medical interventions. According to World Health Organisation, incidences of osteoporosis increases with old age. 8 % of the population aged between 60-69 years have developed osteoporosis and 25% further to those between 70-79 years and 48% for those 80 years or older. Women are more at risk for osteoporosis as they lose more bone mass after menopause. Women after the age of 45 are at greater risk. In general men and women above 65 years are at high risk of getting osteoporosis Osteoporosis has been identified by the ministry of health in Singapore and given priority for implementation of care. The importance of osteoporosis is the increased risks of fractures among patients with the disease. Often this fracture requires medication and consequent hospitalization, which lead decreased quality of life and may require long term care. In Singapore, fractures of the hip associated with osteoporosis are 30% who are semi dependant, causing major financial, medical and social constraints to the patient. The ministry of health clinical practice guidelines on osteoporosis was first published in year 2002, has been forming the framework for provision of care for the elderly and those at risk for osteoporosis and fractures. The content has served the best purpose in it being a guideline for management and prevention. The target group for this health intervention program will be elderly above 65 years hospitalized. The elderly population with osteoporosis continues to increase in Singapore due to rapid growth of population and improved quality of care among the elderly, (Tan, Low Shen De, 2015). Osteoporosis is characterised by decreased bone mass and structural differing of the bone tissue. The target group for this intervention will be sourced for the hospital, set up. The intervention will target the elderly who have been admitted in one of the major hospitals in Singapore, Alexandra Hospital, and Queen town in the Central region of Singapore. Rationale of the Intervention Osteoporosis is major old age disease which needs urgent intervention. Statistics show that 1 in 3 women over the age of 50 will experience osteoporotic fractures and 1 in 5 men will be a victim, (Ruby Rebecca, 2005). Approximately 75% of hip, spine and distal foreman fractures occur among older persons aged 65 years old and over. By the year 2050, worldwide incidences of hip fracture in men is expected to increase by 310 % while 240% in women, (Judith Sari, 2011). The ageing population in Singapore is increasing rapidly; the older persons incidence rate in 1 in five residents will have developed fractures at a rate of 1.5 times in men and 5 times in women, (Bee Chandran, 2014). Treatment costs for osteoporosis are high with estimates of hospitalisation cost of S$10,555, thus signifying high economic burden and treatment medications are comparatively high, which burdens the patient from attending Medicare and thus increase the risk of mortality, (Lee Lim, 2008). With this knowled ge, the health care cost associated with the elderly is expected to rise concurrently with the rise in the life expectancy, (Kim, Lee, Kim Lee, 2016) thus the need for an effective intervention to manage it. Lifestyle Management Intervention A lifestyle management based approach will be used for this study. A dietary and environmental based will be used in this study. The intervention will be geared towards improving the health status of the community especially older adults at Alexandria medical facility. There is sufficient evidence linking bone mass modulation by changing and modifying the lifestyle habits of the populations at the early ages increase the skeletal maturity. Nutrition Based Approach Calcium rich diet should be emphasized in diets is evident. Increased calcium intake among the elderly will be able to prevent further depletion of the bone density mass thus reducing the effect of the diseases later. Calcium not exceeds 1000 mg per day. Intake of calcium rich diet is crucial; they include milk, dried milk, yoghurt, ice cream and assorted fruits and vegetables. Vitamin D is crucial in the management of osteoporosis for absorption of calcium. An adult over 50 yers needs 1200 mg of calcium on a daily basis. It is obtained through the sunlight or through the diet or supplements, (Dawson et al., 1997, Lips et al., 196). Exercises Studies and sufficient evidence suggest that women with osteoporosis who practise exercise have improved muscles and postural stability and increased density in the bone, (Shea et al., 2004, Englund et al., 2005). The exercises have shown beneficial effects on the well being, improved muscular strength strength and posture of the older adults. Excess exercises should be minimised as they can be detrimental to the health state of the patient. Implementation of the Project Hospital visitation will be initiated with the elderly patients identified through the admission entry of the hospital. The intervention will target both their care takers and the elderly themselves. Care full designed information pamphlets will be used. The pamphlets will have what it pertains osteoporosis, which can be at risk, healthier foods to be consumed and day and venue where screening activity will be carried out. Promoting healthy living through, healthy activities like, increasing physical exercise, maintenance of healthy weight gain and eating a healthy and a balanced diet. The patients who are ready to be discharged will be targeted for focus groups whereby question and answer session will take place hereby it will be question and answer time assisting the elderly in understand the basic concepts of osteoporosis and how it is useful to them. The sessions will be delivered in the social halls of the facility this is the place where patients who can be mobile normally come to rest. Stakeholders Community health workers will also be engaged in the program. Community health worker in the community health centre or in the community will be involved as they understand how the community function other stakeholders will involve geriatricians in the facility, physiotherapists, dieticians and patient representatives at the hospital. The hospital staff will be key in implementation of this program as they form the entry into the care center, thus the need for building comprehensive teamwork and approach. Also the hospitalised obtained their through hospital provision thus working with the facility is key towards assessing the diet the elderly receive in relation to osteoporosis risks. Resources Needed For effective implementation of the program there is need to identify and locate the resources. Promotional items will be made available, informational brochures human resource personnel, communication equipment and posters. Evaluation Evaluation of the program will be done based on the objectives set. Follow ups visits of the older patients in the acute centre will be done upon discharge to assess whether they are practicing or not. It is expected that after the intervention, there will be a behaviour change in terms of nutrition and physical activity interventions. Recognition of the risk should enable them to adopt behaviour change towards improved nutritional intake in relation to osteoporosis. The work is anticipated to be expanded upon rolling out the initial phase and doing critical evaluation and correcting any hindrance that might have been observed and encountered in the implementation phase. Conclusion In implementation of this intervention care will be keenly observed on how information will be disseminated, as older adults have cognitive impaired abilities, thus educating them needs a lot of patients which must be utilised. It is anticipated that there will be a behaviour change among the older adults due to the perceived danger of osteoporosis. References Bee, C. S., Chandran, M. (2014). A Review of the 2008 Singapore Ministry of Health Clinical Practice Guidelines on Osteoporosis and an Update. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies, 27(2), 159. Committee on Ageing Issues: Report on Aging Population. 2006. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 1997 Sep 4;337 (10):670-6. Englund U, Littbrand H, Sondell A, Pettersson U, Bucht G. A 1-year combined weight-bearing training program is beneficial for bone mineral density and neuromuscular function in older women. Osteoporosis Int 2005;16(9):1117-1123. 14. Daniell HW. Osteoporosis functions in older women. Osteoporosis Int 2005;16(9):1117-1123. Holroyd, Christopher et al. ,(2008). Epidemiology of osteoporosis; Best Practice Research Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism , Volume 22 , Issue 5 , 671 - 685 Kim, J., Lee, E., Kim, S., Lee, T. J. (2016). Economic burden of osteoporotic fracture of the elderly in South Korea: A national survey. Value in Health Regional Issues, 9, 36-41. Lee YH, Lim YW, Lam KS. Economic cost of osteoporotic hip fractures in Singapore. Singapore Medical Journal 2008;49(12):980-984. Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in elderly persons. A randomized, 51 placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Feb 15;124(4):400-6 Ng, C. S., Lau, T. C., Ko, Y. (2017). Cost of Osteoporotic Fractures in Singapore. Value in Health Regional Issues, 12, 27-35. Nguyen, V. H. (2016). Osteoporosis prevention and osteoporosis exercise in community-based public health programs. Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia. Lips, N.M. van Schoor , (2005). Quality of life in patients with osteoporosis Int, 16 pp. 447455 P.S. Genaro, G.A. Pereira, M.M. Pinheiro, V.L. Szejnfeld, L.A. (2010). Martini Influence of body composition on bone mass in postmenopausal osteoporotic women Arch Gerontol , Geriatr, 51 pp. 295298. Pisani, P., Renna, M. D., Conversano, F., Casciaro, E., Di Paola, M., Quarta, E., ... Casciaro, S. (2016). Major osteoporotic fragility fractures: Risk factor updates and societal impact. World journal of orthopedics, 7(3), 171. Shea B, Bonaiuti D, Iovine R, Negrini S, Robinson V, Kemper HC, et al.(2004). Cochrane Review on exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Eura Medicophys 2004; 40(3):199-209. Tan, W. L. B., Low, S. L., Shen, L., De, S. D. (2015). Osteoporotic hip fractures: 10-year review in a Singaporean hospital. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery, 23(2), 150-154. Osteoporosis. Singapore Ministry of Health, Accessed on 10/05/2017;https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home.html