Teenage Pregnancy Is An Issue For A Plethora Of Reasons

Teenage pregnancy is an issue for a plethora of reasons. For example, there are many health risks for the mother and the baby that come along with teenage pregnancy. Although most pregnancies are accidents, this one accident can cause a complete change in the father and mother’s lives. One may ask, is teenage pregnancy on the rise? Luckily, it isn’t. Just in 2013, â€Å"there were 26.6 births for every 1,000 adolescent females ages 15-19, or 274,641 babies born to females in this age group† (â€Å"Teen Births†). On top of that, nearly eighty-nine percent of those births were outside of marriage (â€Å"Teen Births†). The 2013 teen birth rate has actually dropped ten percent compared to 2012’s birth rate. Back in 1991, the teenage birth rate was as high as 61.8 births for every 1,000 adolescent females (â€Å"Teen Births†). These numbers may come to a surprise to some, but what does not come to a surprise, is that the United States is st ill the leading country in teen birth rates compared to other developed countries. Let’s not forget about those teenagers who have more than one child. In 2013, â€Å"almost one in six (17 percent) births to 15- to 19-year-olds were to females who already had one or more babies† (â€Å"Teen Births†). About twenty-five percent of teen moms have a second child within 24 months of their first baby. Although the repeat teen birth rate in the United States declined by more than 6 percent between 2007 and 2010, â€Å"The teenage birth rate remains high—especially in AmericanShow MoreRelatedEssay about Mother Knows Best: Termination of Pregnancy796 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of whether or not we should allow abortion, or to grant pro-choice has been widely debated in our community lately. This topic is important for the morality of expectant mothers that are dealing with issues of feticide. In recent elections, abortion has become a main point of interest for democrats and republicans. Democrats are mainly pro-choice, while the republicans are preponderantly pro-life affiliates. Different arguments have been discussed as to why abortion should be legal, howeverRead MoreTeen Pregnancy : A Social Issue1371 Words   |  6 PagesTeen pregnancy is a very controversial social issue and the vast majority of Americans consider the outrageous rate of teen pregnancies a severe issue, certainly a problematic occurrence that is believed to be a moral decline in our country. Teenagers are physiologically capable of reproducing but not emotionally or financially prepared to be parents at such a tender age. Through various research studies a plethora of determinants has pin pointed teens unprecedented pregnancies. One cause of thisRead MorePersuasive Essay On Birth Control1288 Words   |  6 Pages For many parents, this term conjures up images of teenage sex or pregnancy, which can cause them to ignore its other uses. However, birth control i s a broad and misrepresented topic. Students should not be denied access to something that could help their health due to their parents’ aversion to contraceptives. Birth control has many more uses than commonly known. There are physical forms of birth control for the prevention of STDs and pregnancy as well as many types of hormonal birth control. SomeRead MoreAbortion Is Not A New Idea1871 Words   |  8 Pages According to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary abortion is, â€Å" the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus.† Abortion is not a new idea, that is only understood in America. It is a procedure that has taken place worldwide for centuries. 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Whether referring to violence in the media, domestic violence, community violence, bullying and others, aggression and violentRead MoreThe History of TV Shows and TV Family Programs 2375 Words   |  10 PagesPortrayal of Men in the Media. where she states that not only has the father changed, but the whole family dynamic has as well. She believes that women act as a cure for her husbands mistakes. Media bashes men and de-emphasizing parenthood and a reason she believes this is happening is because of the rise of feminism. However, some take a different approach when it comes to determining the cause of this change. In her article ‘’From Father Knows Best to The Simpsons–On TV, Parenting Has Lost ItsRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesmuch on technology? d. Nuclear technology e. Genetic modification f. Right tech for wrong reasons 3. Arts/Culture a. Arts have a future in Singapore? b. Why pursue Arts? c. Arts and technology d. Uniquely Singapore: Culture 4. 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The Creators Of Salt Of The Earth - 1223 Words

The creators of Salt of the Earth â€Å"had a consciousness of radical activism† (Aptheker 2015). Paul Jarrico, Michael Wilson, and Herbert J. Biberman made connections between the Cold War anti-union sentiment and what was happening in the lives of the community at Hanover, New Mexico (Balthasar 353). Salt fuses the antiracist, anti imperialist sensibility...with the central popular front icon and narrative form- the strike tale. In this sense Salt is not simply an expansion of a 1930s political aesthetic; it is the fulfillment of it† (Balthasar 356). This included thinking about how different forms of oppression impact people. Their final film implicitly critiques the United States’ imperialist policies and treatment of minority groups (Balthasar 355), a dangerous move in the era of high tensions due to the red scare. This, along with affiliations with the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League (HANL) made them targets of the United States government (Balthasar 354). Their careers had been destroyed, since no one wanted to make themselves a target of the U.S. by being friendly with people that were accused of being communists, and their film was blacklisted. The leading actress, Rosaura Revualtas, who had already radically starred in what is recognized as the first lesbian film (Aptheker), also faced punishment for starring in Salt. Though she was here legally, participation in the film was grounds for her deportation. Furthermore, she was banned from acting in Mexico (Aptheker). ClintShow MoreRelatedThe Priestly Line Of Malki Tzedek1155 Words   |  5 Pagessays is Shem, the son of Noah. Shem is a righteous man and he gives Abraham the priesthood of representing the will of the Most High here on earth. It is not the priestly line of Aaron. And yes, Shem, Noah s son was alive during the time of Abraham. In Psalm 110 there is an exquisite promise given to David that he will have a very special role here on earth, its being passed down to him. 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The Leadership Style of Eric Schmidt - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1633 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The leadership style of Eric Schmidt 1.Introduction: In this assignment,i am going to analyze the leadership style of Eric Emerson Schmidt which one was the CEO of the famous internet company Google comprehensively.Over the period of 2001 to 2011,Eric Schmidt leaded the Google company to become one of the most variable companies and the most popular companies in the world.The initial Google is just a searching engine website company,Eric Schmidt likes a magician made a miracle in this company that build up as a industry pioneer. The business philosophy of Eric Schmidt: As Harold Koontz said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Management is an art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups.It is an art of creating an environment in which people can perform and individuals and can cp-operate towards attainment of group goals.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The full title of CEO is chief executive officer,a important responsibility of CEO is to management the whole company in a positive direction.Every large companies have a evident style as same as their CEO,the CEO runs the company in their own personal style.Eric Schmidt used socio-human approach in his organizational process.And this style was not only used in Google company,but also he used in his first company-SUN which is a same internet technological company as Google and it is famous of JAVA.Because Eric thinks both are same type company,he can use similar style to lead the company.The socio-human approach is a opposite way to technical rational approaches,it is more flexible and humanized to treat employees.the Google is not a traditional company,it depends on its power of innovation.In order to let the employee have better innovative thinking,Eric used this solution to make more advantages for the company.In detail,Eric use a mode which is small team management mode.He made each team have different duty in every areas.That mode is more effective than the old school management mode in real business practice.This approach has following favors :Frist one is that it allows the company to have bigger possible to attempt,let the company has newborn things as much as possible,so the change of success will be lager.There are many famous companies dying because lock of innovation such as Yahoo and IBM. Secondly,this approaches can make employees build up their sense of responsibility as the masters of this company,let them not feel working in a big company.And Eric give the decision-making power to the team,in the process of development,the team mates can have their right t o change and improve the product,that also is a benefit thing for their customer. As the famous management education master Peter Ferdinand Drucker said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The man who focuses on contribution and who takes responsibility for results ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢no matter how junior ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢is in the most literal sense of the phrase,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"top managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This is also Ericà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goal for using this mode. Thirdly,to reduce the cost of internal coordination,they believe that fast is better than slow in the Google company.The small team management mode can develop more products in shorter time because the team can use their decision-making power to make quick decision,to the failure of adjustment will be repaired easily and quickly.Comparing with other IT companies like Microsoft.When the Microsoft company developed the new windows system,there was a large group members which is several hundreds people to join this subject,it lead to take over years and progress slowly.This is a major point of the Google company can exceed the Microsoft company.The small working team can improve effectively and it is better than the large working group in this specific industry.A good idea will not become effective unless the action commitments have been built into the decision from the begining. This kind of organization structure is organismic and duo to the Google is a information technology company,duo to that situation,Eric thinks it can help company have better advantage in IT industry environment.The faster update is Googleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s powerful weapon to win their competition. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Leadership Style of Eric Schmidt" essay for you Create order The leadership of Eric Schmidt: The definition of leadership is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"(Stogdill .1950).The effect of leadership is that make strong motivated to the staffs,let staffs work in unity and achieve goals. According to trait theories of leadership,the leadership is relate to leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personality,In Stogdillà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s five traits Model: Intelligence,Dominance,Self-confidence,High level of energy,and Task-relevant knowledge .Based on Eric Schmidtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s career ,cover news and public speech,Eric at least has intelligence,dominance,and Task-relevant knowledge,these three models can find obvious evidences from his business career.It also can mean Eric has agreeableness,conscientiousness,and openness to experience. Firstly,it is clear to see his self-confidence because he believe his employees,he can give the right of decision -making to every teams.Secondly,his openness to experience is also easy to find,during his CEO career in Google these ten years,the Google company developed many newborn product not only in their search function such as Chrome,Android,and so on.Third one is his conscientiousness,as a survey about 313 private company choosing their CEO,there are 215 successes,in these 215 CEO,Almost of them have conscientiousness.That means how conscientiousness important to a successful CEO.Eric Schmidt has been a leader in three big IT company,all of them become famous and successful in their profession area especially these companies have a higher maker value.Ericà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conscientiousness is proved by he having a strong sense of organization,and word hard.He organises the google engineering team in 70:20:10,it means seventy percent group focus on their product in the area of search function,twenty percent team work on product in other development area like Android,then the least ten pe rcent team works in newborn things like pilotless automobile.Until now the Google still use this structure when they develop product. In the other hand,there has another theory about leadership:Behavioral of theories of leadership.There are two fundamental types of leader behaviours : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Initiating structureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"considerationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.Initiating structure refers to behaviour which focuses on the achievement of objectives and includes clear supervision and role clarification,planning of work and a results orientation.Consideration includes behaviours which encourage collaboration and focus on supportive network,group welfare and the maintenance of job satisfaction.(Brooks,2009) Eric Schmidt is a consideration structure in this theory.There are some points to prove that.Primarily,Eric give a wonderful and comfortable working environment,this working environment has been first most popular working environment in the world for four years at American Fortune magazine.This is a evident welfare for employees.Secondly,Eric insists to give the power of decision-making to each work team,he is highly trusted to his professional employees,at mean time,the employee get a stronger sense of encourage than a good working environment.Eric get a vehement support from his employees during company developing time virtually. Above two theories of leadership can not explain the leadership style of Eric Schmidt well,in order to give more thoughtful explanation.We appoint the third theory-Situational theories.One of situational theories is Fiedler contingency theory.This model asks the estimate of both the leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s style and three broad characteristics of the situation:leader-group member relations,task structure,and position power.Primarily, In leader-member relations of Eric and his employees,it easy to prove they are real great,as the organization structure which Eric made,he and his employees have hig hly trusted with each other.That also can relet to situational leadership theory,his subordinates have enough ability to achieve his requirements,and he do not need to give too much guide to them.Secondly,the task structure is very clear in Google until now,Eric insists his 70:20:10 structure for the engineering development group.Thirdly,the position power of Eric is not very stong,because he give a part power of decision-making to every engineering development teams. Conclusion: All in all,Eric Schmidt is a intelligent,professional,and accommodating leader.As we know that the Google culture is freedom and innovation since two originator of Google Sergey Brin and Larry Page starting the Google company until Eric been invited to be a CEO of this company,this culture never change.Ericà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experience is also perfect for the Google,first advantage is that he has a B.S. degree in electrical engineering at Princeton University and a phd degree in EECS at the university of California,Berkeley.These professional knowledge makes big different with normal CEO for the Google company.Second one is his ideal working experiences,before he came to the Google,the companies that he worked are all IT companies.Effectiveness is a habit,that is a complex of practices.The most significant thing is that he can run these companies very well and make outstanding achievement.Eric Schmidt makes the two originator believe he is the prefect role for The Google CEO.No ma tter using what theories to analyse the leadership of Eric Schmidt,he has proved that he is a suitable leader for this company during his career of Google CEO .Comparing with the famous Steve Jobs,Eric is not charming and distinctive as Jobs,but his leadership style is more appropriate for the Google Company. References: Koontz H. The management theory jungle[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1961, 4(3): 174-188. Drucker P F. People and performance: The best of Peter Drucker on management[M]. Routledge, 1995. Stogdill R M. Leadership, membership and organization[J]. Psychological bulletin, 1950, 47(1): 1. lan Brooks (2009). organisational behaviour. 4th ed. Essex: Person Education Limited. p167.

Religion And Its Impact On Society - 1343 Words

Even before there were millions of copies of bibles in circulation religion has been a part of society that has always been there. But is this idea of rules and regulations enforced by a belief system really helpful to society? In a world without religion would there be less wars, hatred, and discrimination? With so many people involved or affiliated with religion it is important to explore deeper into the negative impact that religion has on society and try to make the world a better place with information that will help all. At a personal level religion fulfills the role of accounting for a lack of knowledge and offering hope in the face of difficulties while also offering a sense of belonging. To identify with a religious ideology, and call it the only truth and way, leads to the tremendously negative consequences of hatred, racism, and all kinds of violence. These consequences of a world in disarray due to religion far outweigh the small personal fulfillments. As Steven Weinberg, an American physicist and Nobel laureate states, â€Å"With or without religion, you would have good people doing good things and evil people doing evil things. But for good people to do evil things, that takes religion.† Although religion claims to lead people towards truth, light, and happiness, in reality it actually leads them in the opposite direction. The most popular argument against religion in society is the fact that religion leads to war and violence which then in turn results in poverty,Show MoreRelatedReligion And Its Impact On Society1473 Words   |  6 Pages The dictionary defines society as â€Å"an organized group of persons associated together for religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes† and religion as â€Å"something one believes in and follows devotedly; a point or matter of ethics or conscience.† The question stated on our political survey reads â€Å"shared religious belief isn’t and important part of our society.† And I disagree with that. Almost everyone has his or her own sets of beliefs and morals, which isRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1163 Words   |  5 PagesReligion has created major turmoil in America. Every night on the news, specialists elaborate more and more about the candidates and their ideas. Many of the most c ontroversial issues are refugees, terrorism, and abortion; all of which all have aspects dealing with religion. This is a sharp contrast to the supposed â€Å"separation† of church and state in America, since citizens are electing the next president based on his religion-based opinions. These opinions are often altered through the instantaneousRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society910 Words   |  4 PagesNot a single person would define religion, in their own words, the same as anyone else. James Martineau, an English philosopher influential in the history of Unitarianism, once said â€Å"Religion is the belief in an ever living God, that is, in a Divine Mind and Will ruling the Universe and holding moral relations with mankind.† Many different people see religion in many different ways. Religion has been an important place in the history of civilization. It gives a meaning and purpose to human life andRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1033 Words   |   5 PagesCenter’s Forum on Religion Public Life, more than 230 countries were estimated to have 5.8 billion religiously affiliated people nationally (Global). This large statistic represents 84% of the 2013 world population, which at that time was 6.9 billion (Global). Religion has an immense presence in this world, but it also has a huge impact on the society that surrounds it. Contributing not only to the good of society, religion has also been used to disrupt and cause chaos. Impacting society positively,Read MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society922 Words   |  4 Pagesand it is impossible to think that every person in the world believes the same thing. A person’s morals can be based off of their geographical location, religion, political party, upbringing, or even the time period in which they lived. Each of these factors can greatly impact what people think is right and wrong. Religion has a huge impact on what people’s morals are. For example, many Hindus find that it is immoral to eat meat, while many Christians do not find a problem with it. This doesRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1699 Words   |  7 PagesFor the past centuries religion has been a major force in the world and still continues to be one as there are billions of people that believe and follow a certain religion, but sadly religion has had a largely negative impact on the world today. As people continue to view religion in an unrealistic positive manner they continue to be deceived about its negative impact. During recent years there have been many headlines about how religion influenced people in performing terrible acts that oppressRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1310 Words   |  6 Pagesforce in society. Religion has been a major component of human culture since nearly the beginning of man. As we emerged as a high intellect species, we developed man y different ideologies to answer some of our unanswerable questions. Since these developments, we continue to evolve as a species and the ideologies we have created evolve with us in our endlessly changing societies. As civilization grows, our different cultures clashed for many different reasons, one of which has been religion. As theRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society951 Words   |  4 Pages Religion to me is a set of beliefs and practices that can determine actions in everyday life by determining morals and deciding what is right and wrong in each society. This is a general idea that I believe has guided societies for centuries and has shaped today’s cultures. As we study cultures around the world, we can find significant influential factors dating back to a prominent religion that shaped the ideals of culture telling the people what is deemed acceptable practice and behavior and whatRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1862 Words   |  8 PagesReligio n ranks as one of the most divisive factors in the world today dividing not only believers and non-believers but as well as those of different sects. Different ideals, and views of the diverse religions spur negativity amongst countries, races, friends, and family alike driving wedges whilst creating problems between individuals. However it also has brought billions of people together, going on to forge a sense of shred belief and unity of purpose across wide racial and geographical dividesRead MoreReligion : What Are Its Impacts On The Society?1601 Words   |  7 PagesReligion: What are its Impacts to the Society? Human as a physical and finite being believes that there is the spiritual entity or entities which unlike man are infinite and more powerful. Human sought to have a relationship with this sacred being, and the medium which he has devised to do so is religion. Borne out of human’s quest or search for purpose and meaning, religion was employed to provide answers to some basic intriguing phenomena, which bothers him on daily basis. Religion

Teaching Speaking Free Essays

string(108) " is so different from teaching speech is that two types of discourse differ in their basic characteristics\." MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, YOUTH AND SPORT OF UKRAINE IVAN FRANKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LVIV ENGLISH DEPARTMENT Speaking and Writing. Common and Distinctive features in Teaching PRESENTED BY Suzan Al-Jholani a fifth year student of the English Department SUPERVISED BY Sanotska L. G. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Speaking or any similar topic only for you Order Now associate professor of the English Department LVIV 2012 Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 I. Common features in teaching speaking and writing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. Distinctive features in teaching speaking and writing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Communication between humans is an extremely complex and ever-changing phenomenon. But there are certain generalizations that can be made about the majority of communicative events and these will have a particular relevance for the learning and teaching of languages. There are countless reasons for communication between individuals: they want to say something, they have some communicative purpose, they want to get some information, etc. It is important to realize that these generalizations do not only apply to spoken word: they characterize written communication as well. Speaking and writing are called productive skills because they involve language production, as opposed to listening and reading, which are receptive skills [1, 46-47]. Common features in teaching speaking and writing The productive skills of writing and speaking have more distinctive than common features. However, there are number of language production processes which have to be gone through whichever medium we are working in. In order for communication to be successful we have to structure our discourse in such a way that it will be understood by our listeners and readers. In speech this often involves following of conversational patterns and the use of lexical phrases. For the part of writing it has to be both coherent and cohesive. Coherent writing makes sense because you can follow the sequence of ideas and points. Cohesion is more technical matter since it is here that we concentrate on the various linguistic ways of connecting ideas across phrases and sentences [2, 246]. Both teaching writing and speaking involves following the rules of communication. There are three areas of rules that should be considered: * Sociocultural rules: speakers from similar social backgrounds know how to speak to each other in terms of how formal to be, what kind of language they can use, how loud to speak, or how close to stand to each other. * Turn-taking: in any conversation decisions have to be taken about when each person should speak. * Rules for writing: writing has rules too, which need to be recognized and either be followed or purposively flouted. We have to take into the account the genre and the style of writing [2, 246]. One of the reasons that people can operate within sociocultural rules is because they know about different styles, and recognize different written and spoken genres. This depends on the aim of communication, on the recipient and setting. In order to speak and write at different levels of intimacy students need practice in different genres and different styles so that their level increases they can vary the grammar, functions ,and lexis that they can use . It is vital, therefore, that if the coursebook does not offer a satisfactory range of such genre-based activities teachers should supply it themselves [2,247]. Teachers have to teach how to interact with the audience. Part of our speaking proficiency depends upon our ability to speak differentially, depending upon our audience, and upon the way we absorb their reaction and respond to it in some way or other. Part of our writing ability depends upon our ability to change our style and structure to suit the person or people we are writing for [2, 248]. When speakers or writers of their own or of a foreign language do not know a word or just cannot remember it, they may employ some or all of the following strategies to resolve the difficulty they are encountering: * Improvising: speakers sometimes try any word or phrase that they can come up with in the hope that it is about right. * Discarding: when speakers simply cannot find words for what they want to say, they may discard the thought that they cannot put into words. Foreignising: when operating in a foreign language, speakers (and writers) sometimes choose a word in a language they know well (such as their first language) and ‘foreignise’ it in the hope that it will be equivalent to the meaning they wish to express in the foreign language. * Paraphrasing: speakers sometimes paraphrase. Such lexical substitution or circumlocution gets many speakers out of trouble, though it can make communication longer and more convoluted [2, 249]. To prevent problems that students may encounter while improving speaking and writing skills teachers have to follow certain principles. In the first place, they need to match the tasks they ask students to perform with their language level. This means ensuring that they have the minimum language they would need to perform such a task. Secondly, teachers need to ensure that there is a purpose to the task and that students are aware of this. They should also remember that students who are not used to speaking or writing spontaneously need to be helped to cultivate such habits. Teachers should not expect instant fluency and creativity; instead they should build up students’ confidence step by step giving them restricted tasks first before prompting them to be more and more spontaneous later. Finally, teachers need to assess the problems caused by the language they need, and the difficulties which the topic or the genre might create [2,251-253]. To make students inspired teacher has to choose interesting topic and create interest in it. It is also important to vary the topics they offer them so that they cater for the variety of interests within the class. It is also vitally important to vary the genres teachers ask their students to work with if we want them to gain confidence in writing and speaking in different situations. Distinctive features in speaking and writing teaching One of the reasons that teaching writing is so different from teaching speech is that two types of discourse differ in their basic characteristics. You read "Teaching Speaking" in category "Papers" Differences between them imply different types of exercises which focus on different aspects of language and demand different levels of correctness [1,52]. Writing requires a greater degree of accuracy, and is in many ways the more difficult skill to learn. For a start, the written form is visible and mistakes are seen. With speaking, students often make ‘slips of the tongue’-they have said something wrong, but if they could hear a recording of what they said, they could correct the mistake themselves. Written task on the one hand often require accuracy and formal language. Because they recognize this, many students feel under pressure when writing. However, with writing students can proof-read and self-correct. They can go more slowly and carefully than when they are speaking. It is an important skill teachers must teach students-read what they have written [4,182]. Punctuation is another factor absent from speaking. Increasingly these days, one might question the importance of correct punctuation, but whereas one can accept that the correct use of colons or semi-colons is not really so important, surely the correct use of capitalization and question marks, for example, does matter [4, 182]. Spelling may also cause problems, something which mother-tongue speakers have difficulty with. Again, people differ in their views of the importance of correct spelling, but the fact remains that, teachers have to recognize what is ‘correct’ writing, and what is ‘incorrect’. If they cannot recognize a mistake, then they cannot correct it [4, 182]. With Writing, students do not have to concern themselves with aspects of pronunciation, or being fluent. Those students who are much more interested in accuracy than fluency, arc often very good when writing. It is very common to find students who have had accuracy-based language learning, writing extremely well and accurately, but that is difficult for them to express themselves orally [1, 53]. Writing tends to be more economical in its use of the language. There are no ‘hesitators’ (‘mmm’, ‘er’, ‘well’, etc. ) that litter our conversation. Written language is direct and efficient. The writer suffers from the disadvantage of not getting immediate feedback from the reader – and sometimes getting no feedback at all. In writing students can not use intonation or stress, and facial expression, gesture and body movement. These disadvantages have to be compensated for the greater clarity and by the use of grammatical and stylistic techniques for focusing attention on main points, etc. Most importantly there is greater need for logical organization in piece of writing than there is in a conversation, for the reader has to understand what has been written without asking for clarification or relying on the writer’s tone of voice or expression [1,53]. When teaching writing, therefore, there are special considerations to be taken into account which include the organizing of sentences into paragraphs, how paragraphs are joined together, and the general organization of ideas into a coherent piece of discourse [1,54]. Creative writing practice is a critical part of learning a written language. Writing can be encouraged through poetry, stories, plays and dialogues, but it important that students be engaged and interested in the writing projects. Pen pal letters between students can help to capture the interests of a class as they learn written communication with their peers utilizing the new language. The objective of such a project would be for students to learn how to use appropriate language and produce suitable letters that can be sent as a correspondence, but can also be used as effective evaluation and grading tools. Speaking a language involves using the  components correctly – making the right sounds, choosing the  right words and getting constructions grammatically correct. Pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary tasks  will focus on the need  for practice in language accuracy. At the same time, we also need to  get a clear message across and this  involves choosing appropriate content or ideas to suit a situation, e. g. deciding what is polite or what might appear rude, how to interrupt or how to participate in a conversation. All this involves practice in language fluency. Speaking requires thinking on the spot, practice and exposure to the language over time. Speakers have a great range of expressive possibilities at their command. Apart from the actual words they use they can vary their intonation and stress which helps them to show which part of what they are saying is most important. By varying pitch and intonation their voice can clearly convey their attitude to what they are saying. They can indicate interest or lack of it. At any point in speech event speakers can rephrase what they are saying; they can speed up or slow down. This will often be done in response to the feedback they are getting from their listeners who will show through variety of gestures , expressions and interruptions that they do not understand. And in a face to face interaction the speaker can use a whole range of facial expressions, gestures and general body to help to convey the message. Developing speaking skills in the classroom can include a wide variety of activities. Controlled lessons that include drilling and pre-planned, question and answer prompts can help students develop skills under the teacher’s watchful eye. Guided activities such as dialogues and role-play scenarios, while based on accuracy, do allow for more creativity and individual exploration with the language. Exact language may not be as controlled in such activities and students have a chance to practice their language with a bit more freedom. Students improve their formal speech when teachers provide insights on how to organize their ideas for presentation. Students can give better speeches when they can organize their presentation in a variety of different ways, including sequentially, chronologically and thematically. They need practice in organizing their speech around problems and solutions, causes and results, and similarities and differences. After deciding about the best means of organization, they can practice speeches with another student or with the whole class. Teachers can also help students adapt their speeches and informal talks so as to correspond to the intended audience, the information to be communicated, and the circumstances of the occasion at which they will speak. The teachers can illustrate how well-known speakers have adapted their presentations in ways to suit these different circumstances Students may enjoy speaking about their personal experiences. When given this opportunity, they can benefit from instruction in the elements of good story-telling. Both teachers and students can provide suggestions for students’ speeches. In constructively criticizing others, learners can learn to apply criteria for good speech and employ tactful social skills. In doing so, they can increase and improve their own speaking skills. Students can also learn speaking and social skills by suggesting possible improvements to one another’s practice speeches. Positive experiences in speaking can lead to greater skills and confidence in speaking in front of larger groups. These activities help students to become familiar and comfortable with the new language. Creative communication involves more fluency-based activities that can really enable students to utilize their creative thinking and language skills. Activities of this type might include discussions, simulations and communication games, but they may also include real- life experiences such as a field trip to a restaurant or a guest visitor in the classroom, providing opportunities for students to use the new language in a less controlled setting. Careful planning and preparation are a necessity for this kind of learning experience, and such lessons must be followed-up with some form of assessment or evaluation tool to determine the effectiveness of the experience, but the benefits to the student can be significant. Not only are students making connections between the language they are learning in the classroom and the language used in the real world, they are practicing their skills and developing their own methods for utilizing and retaining the new language. In comparison to speaking skills, the development of writing skills involves many of the same difficulties and some additional challenges, including differences in grammar and vocabulary use, spelling, structure, punctuation and others. A variety of games in the classroom and as pair, small-group or homework activities, can be utilized to provide controlled practice and experience with writing. Crosswords, word finds, gap fills and story boards are but a few of the games and activities that can be adapted for teaching writing skills including vocabulary, spelling, grammar and pronunciation. Developing useful and effective language skills requires practice and experience, from controlled lessons to authentic, real-life experiences. The basic building blocks of a language are critical to the learning process but practical experience, creative exploration, and opportunities to practice in less controlled activities can help to bind the various parts of language acquisition into a solid understanding of the new language and how it can be used. Whether speaking or writing, students need to be able to activate the knowledge they have learned in the classroom in order to communicate successfully in their new language. Conclusions Being productive skills, speaking and writing involve language production. They have both common and distinctive features in teaching; although distinctive have majority in number. For communication to be successful (either oral or written one) students have to know how to structure the discourse, to be aware of rules of communication, different styles and genres, have knowledge about how to interact with audience. In productive skills teaching strategies to resolve the difficulties that students can encounter are the same. To prevent problems that students may encounter while improving speaking and writing skills we teachers have to follow certain principles: match the tasks with students’ language level, built student confidence step by step, choose interesting topic and create interest in it. Taking into account the fact that speaking skills require fluency and frequency, and writing skills demand accuracy – different teaching strategies and activities have to be used. References 1. Harmer, J. The practice of English language teaching. – London and New Jork: Longman, 1991. – 296 p. 2. Harmer, J. The practice of English language teaching. Third Eddition. -Londin: Longman,2001. – 371 p. 3. Lavery, C. Language Assistant. http://www. scribd. com/doc/14112081/Whole-Manual 4. Riddell, D. Teach English as a foreign language. -London: Hodder Edducation , 2010. -366 p. 5. Sariel, O. Teaching productive skills – fine tuning speaking and writing skills. http://ru. scribd. com/doc/58656496/Teaching-Productive-Skills 6. Wallace T. , Stariba W. , Walberg H. Teaching, speaking, listening and writing. http://www. ibe. unesco. org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/EducationalPracticesSeriesPdf/PRATICE_14. pdf How to cite Teaching Speaking, Papers

Challenge of Embedding Ecosystem Services †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Challenge of Embedding Ecosystem Services. Answer: Introduction: The case study evaluation directly indicates that Relevant accounts that needs to be omitted from exhibit 3. Exhibit 3 directly indicates all the relevant expenses that need to be incurred by the organisation to determine whether the project is viable option for generating relevant in comment future.Moreover, the accounts that are been omitted is indirect labour expense and space account expense, which is relatively an extra burden on the expenses.The indirect labour directly accounts for the supervisor salary, which is mentioned in the case study will be conducted by the existing supervisor. Therefore, no increment in expenses is expected from the indirect labour charges for the current project (Kirschenmann Norden, 2012). The other expenses are related to space which will be taken by the new project and needs to be deducted from the income. However, the organisation directly aims in using free space in the current premises, which will directly neglect the expenses towards space. Evaluation of the project period it could be identified that the payback Period of the project is not viable according to the company's policy, which will force them to reject the project. The company requires a Fever period of minimum of 5 years, while the project provides Payback period of 5.2 years From the evaluation of the situation regarding the project increasing its for all sales due to the implementation of the project directly accommodates the use of high discount rate. The use of high discount rate could eventually allow the organisation to reduce any kind of negative actions that might be conducted in your future. Moreover, the relevant high discount rate could eventually help in evaluating the project under dire circumstances and detect whether it could provide the relevant returns on investment. In this context, Covas Den Haan (2012) mentioned that discount rate is used to subdue the rising inflation, which hampers actual profitability of the organisation. The overall discount rate of 13% or even 15% could eventually help in generating the required profitability, which might be achieved from the project. Expected inflation rate evaluation is not considered under the study, as the inflation rate of 3% is mainly constant, while the revenue generated from operations are different. Thus, it could be identified that use of higher discount rate could directly provide the company with a cushion, which might help in anticipating the minimum returns that might be provided from the investment. Moreover, the use of hi discounted could accommodate the rising information and provide adequate to returns to the organisation. Depicting recommendation for the project, which could be used by the company to improve its return from investment: The case study evaluation and relevant results that obtained in the above question directly provide adequate insight for the new project. Moreover, producing 10-in and 12-in Pipe could eventually allow the organisation to increase the relevant income in future. All the calculations conducted in the above questions directly indicate viability of the project for producing a positive return from the investment (Caulfield, Bailey Mullarkey, 2013). There are two different types of calculations conducted with increasing sales and without increasing sales. However, in a situation vesicles are not increasing as anticipated by the salesman the worst case scenario provide the negative return. This directly indicates that investments in the project should not be conducted Assume the worst case scenario the project will not be able to support the anticipated return. However increment and seals as depicted by the salesperson directly provide a positive NPV for all the three situations, even with a cost of capital of 12% or higher. Therefore, it is directly indicated the project is viable, which might allow the organisation to increase the return from investment. Reference and Bibliography: Bushman, R. M., Piotroski, J. D., Smith, A. J. (2011). Capital allocation and timely accounting recognition of economic losses.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,38(1?2), 1-33. Caulfield, B., Bailey, D., Mullarkey, S. (2013). Using data envelopment analysis as a public transport project appraisal tool.Transport Policy,29, 74-85. Connolly, E., Norman, D., West, T. (2012). Small business: An economic overview.Small Business Finance Roundtable,22. Corgnati, S. P., Fabrizio, E., Filippi, M., Monetti, V. (2013). Reference buildings for cost optimal analysis: Method of definition and application.Applied energy,102, 983-993. Covas, F., Den Haan, W. J. (2012). 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